Centro de conhecimento

This application note describes how X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies can be used in the study of coal and coal-related materials. Mineral phases identified and quantified in raw coal are quartz, kaolinite, and minor amounts of calcite, dolomite, siderite and anatase. High-speed XRD systems such as the CubiX3 Minerals equipped with the X'Celerator detector allow the use of standardless methods such as Rietveld refinement for non-destructive analysis of coal and coal-related products. This method, therefore, provides a fast and reliable alternative to time- consuming traditional methods.

Produtos:

CubiX3 Iron

Data:

July 20 2017

Idioma:

English

This note compares the use of three different methods – X-ray diffraction, near infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry – for quantifying small amounts of amorphous material in a crystalline matrix, and vice versa. In this investigation we used alphalactose monohydrate as a model substance. In the pharmaceutical industry this material is widely employed as a filler and diluent in tablets and capsules, as a carrier substance in dry powder inhalers and as a lyoprotectant during the freeze-drying of proteins.

Produtos:

CubiX3 Pharma

Data:

July 20 2017

Idioma:

English

This application note describes the texture analysis of a rolled copper specimen. The experimental data were measured on a multi-purpose X-ray diffraction system equipped with a texture cradle. In polycrystalline solid materials, such as a wide class of metals and ceramics, usually the orientation of the crystallites, constituting the matrial, is not distributed randomly, like in an ideal powder specimen. In most cases a preferred orientation of the crystallites with respect to the sample reference frame is present. In materials science this preferred orientation is referred to as texture.

Produtos:

X'Pert3 MRD (XL)

Data:

July 20 2017

Idioma:

English

XRD can be used for fast and accurate cluster analysis, phase identification and quantification of the minerals present in iron ore. The ore contains phases as hematite, goethite and magnetite as well as the gangue minerals gibbsite Al(OH)3, kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4 and quartz SiO2. In addition, different XRD methods can distinguish between goethite with varying Al contents. Theoretical grade blocks can be defined on the basis of the mineralogy determined by XRD, indicating ore grades that can be effectively and economically upgraded in the concentrator. Exploration of iron ore deposits can be done using cluster analysis. This method can distinguish between different ore grades and facilitate multidimensional compositional mapping of ore deposits. Cluster analysis identifies regions of favorable mineral compositions without detailed knowledge about the phase content.

Produtos:

CubiX3 Iron

Data:

July 20 2017

Idioma:

English

This application note demonstrates the performance of the Axios FAST XRF spectrometer for the analysis of Al-Si and Al-Mg alloys. Accurate and fast elemental analysis during the production process of aluminum and its base materials is a critical requirement. Measurements were performed using an Axios FAST simultaneous X-ray fluorescence spectrometer equipped with a 4 kW Rh SST-mAX X-ray tube.

Produtos:

Axios FAST

Data:

July 20 2017

Idioma:

English

This application note demonstrates the performance of the Axios FAST XRF spectrometer for the analysis of low-alloy, ferritic and austenitic steels. Accurate and fast elemental analysis during the production process of steel and its base materials is a critical requirement. Measurements were performed using an Axios FAST simultaneous X-ray fluorescence spectrometer equipped with a 4 kW Rh SST-mAX X-ray tube.

Produtos:

Axios FAST

Data:

July 20 2017

Idioma:

English

In September 2007, NRL, in partnership with multiple institutions, undertook a combined airborne multi-sensor remote sensing campaign and in situ validation effort. The experiment, VCR’07, took place at the Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR), a National Science Foundation–funded Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Site on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. The study area comprised an 1880 km2 region of barrier islands, shallow water lagoons, and mainland marsh systems (Fig. 4). This article describes the results of a subset of experiments conducted during the campaign demonstrating the retrieval of soil bearing strength directly from hyperspectral remote sensing on the VCR barrier islands. Bearing strength, or “trafficability,” is a key parameter needed by military planners to identify littoral penetration points. The study also developed and tested new methods for retrieval of shallow water bathymetry, another important parameter needed by amphibious craft during landing..

Produtos:

ASD HandHeld 2

Data:

August 2 2017

Idioma:

English

International standard test methods used for the determination of Mg, P, S, Cl, Ca, Cu, Zn and Ba in unused lubricating oil samples by means of WDXRF include ASTM D4927 and ASTM D6443. In this study we have set up calibrations in accordance with the methods stipulated in both ASTM norms. XRF is an excellent method for the multi-elemental analysis of new lubricating oils for the purposes of quality control, product development and product performance classification. It produces fast, cost-effective, precise and accurate data with a minimum of operator dependence.

Produtos:

The Petro edition of Zetium

Data:

August 2 2017

Idioma:

English

Volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits generally have zoned mineral alteration systems related to the hydrothermal circulation cells that led to their formation. In ideal situations it is possible to use field observations of such alteration to vector toward potential ore horizons. However, in many cases, such reasoning relies on subsequent detailed petrographic and lithogeochemical investigations; but the fine-grained and cryptic nature of much of the alteration may be an obstacle. A relatively new technique that may alleviate such delays is the use of portable reflectance spectrometers that provide visible/infrared spectroscopy (VIRS). This allows field identification of alteration minerals and compositional inferences that may constitute vectors to potential ore horizons.. Visible/infrared spectroscopy methods were applied to two of the volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits in the Tulks Volcanic Belt of central Newfoundland, namely the Daniels Pond and Boomerang deposits. Both deposits have ubiquitous white mica and chlorite alteration, and mineralogical zonation in the field is poorly developed. Identification of such zonation is further hindered by the inherent lack of outcrop in the vicinity of the deposits.. Results from both deposits, and regional rock sample suites, illustrate a distinct shift in the wavelengths of the Al-OH absorption feature in white micas from distal to proximal environments. The Al-OH absorption feature in white micas distal to ore is generally at >2000 nm (i.e., muscovite to phengite composition), whereas the absorption feature shifts to lower wavelengths (<2000 nm) in samples proximal to ore (i.e., paragonite composition). The VIRS data thus record subtle variations in alteration mineral chemistry that would otherwise be difficult to detect, and which may provide a directional indicator (vector) to favourable horizons..

Objectives:. (i) to estimate mineralogical composition specifically clay mineralogy from the spectra, (ii) to qualitatively compare mineral concentrations calculated from XRF and XRD analyses, as well as mineral groups identified through SEM and microscopic petrography work with NIR results.. NIR spectroscopy has been widely used in different scientific fields such as biology and medicine. However, it has been rarely used in mineral identification in finer sedimentary rocks specifically mudrocks. This work will allow us to verify the accuracy of this technique compared with XRF and XRD..

Produtos:

Linha ASD

Data:

May 25 2018

Idioma:

English

Operational impacts of Glen Canyon Dam on downstream resources of the Colorado River ecosystem have been the subject of intense study and discussions among adaptive management stakeholders that include Federal, State and tribal entities, as well as recreational businesses, environmentalists, power companies, and others ( U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 1995, Schmidt et al. 1998). The Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center (GCMRC within the U.S. Department of Interior) has identified the following key objectives for long-term monitoring of vital components of the ecosystem between Lakes Powell and Mead, while providing stakeholders with information for decision making: 1) lowest possible impact on critical resources; 2) highest possible return of integrated scientific information; and 3) long-term, repeatable data collection. Airborne hyperspectral image data are being considered as a possible long-term monitoring tool, which hold the promise of being able to fulfill the above requirements. The present study is a pilot project which is intended to explore the extent and variety of information, relevant for long-term monitoring, that can be extracted from images of both high spectral and spatial resolution.. The Colorado River ecosystem in Glen Canyon and Grand Canyon poses special challenges for remote monitoring with respect to logistics required to support field-based studies and relative to spatial scales at which monitoring is needed. The narrow corridor of the river is confined by tall vertical cliffs, yet provides a habitat for a great variety of both native and non-native plant species. Riparian vegetation consists of stands that often cover only very small areas. Often, these stands consist of intermixed native and non-native species, and spectral signatures of the various plants sometimes display only subtle differences. Adequate change detection mapping requires both high spectral and high spatial resolution, as well as advanced processing algorithms that can detect subtle spectral differences.. Change detection for evolving sand bars, rapids and debris fans is a critical part of the GCMRC's long-term monitoring program. Additionally, changes in the aquatic ecosystem's food base, such as abundance and distribution of algae and other benthic organisms are of great interest. Presently, the need to lower river stage for 2- 3 days during annual monitoring overflights for conventional aerial photography and traditional surface measurements introduces artificial and undesirable impacts on the ecosystem (e.g., Blinn et al. 1999). With hyperspectral imagery, we expect to map riparian vegetation, terrestrial sediment deposits, as well as sand bars and benthic organisms through some depth of water, obtaining greater compositional information than can be obtained through the use of aerial photography..

Produtos:

Linha ASD

Data:

April 17 2018

Idioma:

English

This application note describes the use of a PreFIX Slurry Flow Cell for research-scale crystallization experiments on a PANalytical X-ray diffractometer. Transmission experiments were performed to monitor and analyze crystallization processes from the very first stages up to high crystallite concentrations. The basics of crystallization, such as the fundamentals of thermodynamics, kinetics, and structure, are well established. However, the application of these basics to solve crystallization process problems is complicated with a large number of tools for the practicing scientist or engineer to make use of.

Produtos:

Empyrean

Data:

July 20 2017

Idioma:

English

"Albedo, the ratio of incoming to reflected solar radiation, plays an important role in climate by regulating the amount of shortwave radiation reflected or absorbed and subsequently reradiated as longwave radiation by a surface.” (Burakowski et al., 2015). Albedo changes are related to light scattering which is caused by changes in particle (crystal size) packing density and foreign materials such as algae or dust on the snow; these things impact the melt rate and can be an indicator of snow/water equivalent, which is important for reservoir management.. .

Produtos:

Linha ASD

Data:

April 18 2018

Idioma:

English

In this application study, one half of a small shell was investigated in detail to explore its shape, mineral composition and special features. The example demonstrates the powerful combination of X-ray diffraction, X-ray imaging and Computed Tomography. With X-ray Computed Tomography(CT), a full 3D image of samples can be obtained non-invasively, allowing visualization and analysis of the full 3D microstructure.

Produtos:

Empyrean

Data:

July 20 2017

Idioma:

English

“The NIR spectroscopy has been used to measure the content of various constituents in dairy products such as milk, milk powder, whey, and cheese” (Tsenkova et al., 1999)“The composition of produced milk has great value for the dairy farmer. It determines the economic value of the milk and provides valuable information about the metabolism of the corresponding cow. Vis/NIR transmittance spectra of the milk samples gave accurate fat and crude protein predictions (R2 > 0.90) and useful lactose predictions (R2 = 0.88).” (Aernouts et al., 2011)“Contents of main components (e.g. fats, proteins, and carbohydrates) are one of the important factors for the quality of milk powder; NIR spectroscopy is a feasible way for the components determination of the milk powder based on the NIR spectra.” (Wu et al., 2008)“…predictors based on NIR scans are much better than predictors based on age for content of the free amino acids important for cheese ripening.” (Feten et al., 2007)“Governmental or other official laboratories for quality control of dairy products can use NIRS as a screening method for rapid analysis of the composition of unknown samples. Besides with NIRS, it might be possible to determine quality parameters where in the past no direct correlation with chemical or physical methods was apparent.” (Burns & Ciurczak, 2007)

Produtos:

Linha ASD

Data:

April 25 2018

Idioma:

English

A PANalytical Theta-Theta diffractometer system equipped with a focussing X-ray mirror, spinner sample stage and a fast linear solid state detector was used for time-resolved transmission measurements of hydrating Portland cements. X-ray diffraction is one of the most important analytical tools for the investigation of cements and clinkers and their hydration products. Powder diffraction provides essential information about the phase composition of cements and Rietveld refinements enable quantitative analysis.

Produtos:

Empyrean

Data:

July 21 2017

Idioma:

English

This application note describes the texture analysis of a rolled copper specimen. The experimental data were measured on an X’Pert PRO diffraction system equipped with a texture cradle. In polycrystalline solid materials, such as a wide class of metals and ceramics, usually the orientation of the crystallites, constituting the material, is not distributed randomly, like in an ideal powder specimen. In most cases a preferred orientation of the crystallites with respect to the sample reference frame is present. In materials science this preferred orientation is referred to as texture.

Produtos:

X'Pert3 MRD (XL)

Data:

October 10 2018

Idioma:

English

This application note describes reflectivity measurements on non-ideal sample surfaces. It demonstrates the improvement of the reflectivity curves by the use of a beam knife in measurements on curved glass samples and shows the necessity of the beam knife to get accurate data from this kind of sample. Grazing incidence X-ray reflectivity extends the area of analytical methods for thin layers. It allows the determination of many important characteristic parameters as layer thickness, interface roughness, layer density and interdiffusion effects between layers.

Produtos:

X'Pert3 MRD (XL)

Data:

July 21 2017

Idioma:

English

In this application note, we studied the effects of thermal annealing on the structure of multiple quantum wells. From reciprocal space maps collected on an X’Pert PRO MRD system equipped with a nonambient chamber, information about structure, composition and disordering could be derived. Fast X-ray measurements are especially required for monitoring of physical processes with rapidly changing parameters. They can be used to measure the structural properties of materials used in semiconductors, including attractive wurtzite type gallium nitride.

Produtos:

X'Pert3 MRD (XL)

Data:

July 21 2017

Idioma:

English

The X’Pert PRO MRD X-ray diffraction system is a versatile tool for studying residual lattice strain in solar cell structures grown on relaxed buffer layers. Offcut structures in the form of single crystal AlGaAs/GaAs multilayers on GaAs and Ge substrate wafers and on Ge-on-Si pseudo-substrates were analyzed. The physical properties of a single crystal solar energy collecting device are dependent upon the unit cell and thin film structure of the layers that form the device. During growth, the thin film unit cell is constrained to an in-plane lattice parameter provided by the substrate.

Produtos:

X'Pert3 MRD (XL)

Data:

July 21 2017

Idioma:

English