In recent years, lithium-ion batteries have revolutionized the energy storage landscape by powering portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage systems. Among the various types of lithium-ion batteries, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (Li-NMC) batteries have emerged as a prominent choice due to their high energy density, improved stability, and established industrial-scale production. The chemical composition of Li-NMC cathode materials plays a critical role in determining their performance, making accurate elemental analysis of these materials essential for battery development and production.
There are many analytical techniques that can analyze elemental composition, of which ICP and XRF are of most significance. Comparing X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry to other elemental analysis techniques like inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy, XRF spectrometers enable simpler and faster analysis while delivering high quality results in terms of precision and accuracy. This makes XRF a practical solution for process and quality control in battery cathode and precursor production and in battery recycling.
In recent years, lithium-ion batteries have revolutionized the energy storage landscape by powering portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage systems. Among the various types of lithium-ion batteries, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (Li-NMC) batteries have emerged as a prominent choice due to their high energy density, improved stability, and established industrial-scale production. The chemical composition of Li-NMC cathode materials plays a critical role in determining their performance, making accurate elemental analysis of these materials essential for battery development and production.
There are many analytical techniques that can analyze elemental composition, of which ICP and XRF are of most significance. Comparing X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry to other elemental analysis techniques like inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy, XRF spectrometers enable simpler and faster analysis while delivering high quality results in terms of precision and accuracy. This makes XRF a practical solution for process and quality control in battery cathode and precursor production and in battery recycling.
XRF can analyze elemental composition in two ways. The first is the standardless screening of input materials, which provides detection and semiquantitative estimate of the elemental composition. However, for the accuracy desired in cathode materials production process and quality control, the second method involving calibration using standard samples needs to be deployed. In the latter case, the accuracy of XRF results relies on the availability of high-quality calibration materials, and there is a clear lack of commercially available calibration standards for battery cathode materials. Malvern Panalytical has designed and produced a set of Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese (NCM) Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) for its XRF calibration, along with using our sample preparation systems and expertise, which can deliver highly accurate and reliable results on NCM cathode materials.
The NCM CRMs package compromises 12 synthetic mixes specifically designed for preparing XRF fused bead specimens. The package also includes a fusion recipe and an XRF application method template. The CRMs are made from pure chemicals using a gravimetric approach for metrological traceability and adherence to ISO 17034. The elemental composition of the NCM CRMs and corresponding minimum and maximum concentrations are given in Table 1.
The NCM CRMs package is also suitable for cathode materials such as Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide, Lithium Cobalt Oxide, and Lithium Manganese Oxide and their precursors. For high accuracy and repeatability, it is recommended to use fusion sample preparation method. However, these CRMs can also be used for making secondary calibration standards in the form of pressed pellets.
Li (%)* | Mn (%) | Co (%) | Ni (%) | Al (%) | Ca (%) | Zr (%) | Na (%) | S (%) | |
Lowest cal. point ** | 5.70 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 10.00
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Highest cal. point | 9.00 | 27.00 | 27.00 | 55.00 | 2.00 | 0.10 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 0.40 |
* Lithium or Lithium oxide cannot be measured directly by XRF instruments, but they are added to the composition to simulate batteries cathodes mixes.
** The lowest calibration point should not be considered as the minimum concentration that can be reported. Instead, the Limit of Quantification (LOQ) is used for this purpose. LOQ depends on sample preparation, XRF instrument, measurement conditions, and measurement time. LOQ values for each element of interest are calculated during the instrument calibration process. Typically, LOQ values for the elements listed in Table 1 are in the range of 50 – 300 ppm.
In this application study, Malvern Panalytical Eagon 2 and Zetium are used respectively for sample preparation and XRF measurement. The Zetium configuration is detailed in Table 2. Depending on specific analytical needs, alternative configuration options and additional features can be chosen.
Zetium Spectrometer | Description |
Tube | 4kW SST R-mAX tube with ZETA technology |
Tube anode | Rh |
Tube window | 50um Be |
Tube coating | CHI-BLUE coating |
Filters | Al (200um) |
Collimator mask | 27 mm |
Collimators | 150um, 300um |
Crystals | PX10, Ge 111 curved, PE 002 curved, PX1, LiF220 |
Detectors | Duplex detector
HiPer Scintillation detector |
Specimens of calibration standards and a validation CRM were prepared as diameter 32 mm fused beads with lithium borate fusion technique. A dilution ratio of 1 mass part of a sample to 10 mass parts of lithium borate flux was used for preparation with an integrated non-wetting agent. Fusion of beads was done at 1100°C with the Eagon 2 automatic fusion machine. Total fusion time of “cold-to-cold” operation cycle takes about 30 minutes. Proven fusion recipes are also available for LeNeo and FORJ automatic fusion machines.
During the application study, the measurement time for one specimen was approximately 8 minutes, covering the analysis of 8 compounds present in NCM CRMs. Lithium oxide in finished cathode materials could not be measured directly by XRF technique, but an average expected value is sufficient to obtain accurate results for the other measurable elements.
The examples of obtained calibrations for Co, Mn, Ni and S are given in the Figures 1 - 4. Their RMS and K-factor values are summarized in Table 3. The accuracy of the calibrations is indicated by RMS (absolute error) and K-factor (weighted error) values. The lower the RMS and K-factor values, the better the calibration.
CoO | MnO | NiO | SO3 | |
RMS (wt%) | 0.0771 | 0.0905 | 0.1215 | 0.0050 |
K-factor* | 0.0170 | 0.0189 | 0.0203 | 0.0096 |
The final validation of the method trueness was conducted by measuring fused beads of a commercially available CRM BAM-S014, a Li-NMC 111 cathode material. 7 beads of this CRM were prepared in 3 different days, their results are shown in Table 4.
The XRF measurement results obtained using NCM calibrations closely match the certified values of BAM-S014, with notably lower standard deviation values. The observed differences between the measured results and certified values are remarkably small and fall within the allowed difference range calculated according to ISO Guide 35 requirements. Furthermore, the consistency of results across 3 different days indirectly underscores the high reproducibility of the sample preparation method and the stability of Eagon 2 and Zetium.
Ni (%) | Co (%) | Mn (%) | S (%) | |
BAM-S014_day 1_bead 1 | 19.697 | 19.805 | 18.161 | 0.148 |
BAM-S014_day 1_bead 2
| 19.669 | 19.771 | 18.145 | 0.147 |
BAM-S014_day 2_bead 1
| 19.753 | 19.843 | 18.212 | 0.148 |
BAM-S014_day 2_bead 2
| 19.743 | 19.832 | 18.186 | 0.146 |
BAM-S014_day 2_bead 3
| 19.806 | 19.873 | 18.222 | 0.147 |
BAM-S014_day 3_bead 1 | 19.767 | 19.867 | 18.214 | 0.144 |
BAM-S014_day 3_bead 2 | 19.794 | 19.881 | 18.234 | 0.147 |
Measured mean
| 19.747 | 19.839 | 18.196 | 0.1467 |
*St.dev. of mean
| 0.050 | 0.040 | 0.033 | 0.0014 |
Certified value
| 19.76 | 19.80 | 18.22 | 0.1421 |
Between labs st.dev. of cert. value | 0.21 | 0.20
| 0.25 | 0.0123 |
Uncertainty of cert. value | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.0070 |
Actual difference
| -0.013 | 0.039 | -0.023 | 0.0046 |
Allowed difference** | 0.135 | 0.123
| 0.142 | 0.007 |
Method precision, including sample preparation and measurement errors, was estimated by preparing and measuring 10 replicate beads of the same sample in one day. The results are shown in the Table 5. The small standard deviation values here demonstrate the high precision of this method.
Sample ID | Ni (%) | Co (%) | Mn (%) | S (%) |
BAM-S014_ repeat_bead_01 | 19.725 | 19.787 | 18.19 | 0.145 |
BAM-S014_ repeat_bead_02
| 19.705 | 19.792 | 18.185 | 0.143 |
BAM-S014_ repeat_bead_03
| 19.716 | 19.773 | 18.161 | 0.144 |
BAM-S014_ repeat_bead_04 | 19.751
| 19.828 | 18.206 | 0.143 |
BAM-S014_ repeat_bead_05
| 19.676 | 19.759 | 18.158 | 0.145 |
BAM-S014_ repeat_bead_06
| 19.729 | 19.795 | 18.199 | 0.143 |
BAM-S014_ repeat_bead_07 | 19.725 | 19.789
| 18.181 | 0.146 |
BAM-S014_ repeat_bead_08 | 19.777 | 19.837 | 18.233 | 0.143 |
BAM-S014_ repeat_bead_09 | 19.642 | 19.745 | 18.135 | 0.143 |
BAM-S014_ repeat_bead_10
| 19.602 | 19.683 | 18.092 | 0.144 |
Measured mean | 19.705 | 19.779 | 18.174 | 0.144 |
St.dev. of mean
| 0.052 | 0.044 | 0.040 | 0.001 |
This application study demonstrates that utilizing NMC CRMs package along with Malvern Panalytical fusion machine Eagon 2 and XRF spectrometer Zetium can deliver highly accurate and precise elemental analysis results for Li-NMC battery cathode materials and their precursors. This turn-key solution enables high-throughput and seamless elemental analysis, eliminating the need for extensive sample preparation, specialized analytical skills, and the use of strong acid chemicals typically required for ICP analysis.