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Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) is a suitable analytical procedure for screening oral solid drug (OSD) products for Elemental Impurities (EI) according to ICH guideline Q3D. EDXRF represents a cost-efficient, robust and standard-free alternative compared to other methodologies for trace analysis, and therefore utilization of this application should be encouraged. This application note demonstrates the capability of EDXRF for EI screening of oral drug products. Method development and validation focused on class 1 (Cd, Pb, As, Hg) and class 2A (Co, V, Ni) elements, as defined by ICH guideline Q3D. To pass successfully the target was set to minimally be able to quantify class 1 elements at 2 ug/g, and for class 2A elements at 10 ug/g.

Quantum dots are used both in research and commercially and a key parameter for them is their size. While DLS is well suited to measuring the size the ability of quantum dots to fluoresce is also a hinderance to a DLS measurement. We have shown here however that using the Zetasizer Advance and its fluorescence filter can significantly reduce the impact of this to provide high quality results, is easily switched into the detection path when the user wishes to determine if fluorescence is causing a poor signal to noise issue with their data and is easily switched out of the detector path to return the Zetasizer Advance system to its full sensitivity. The optical filter wheel is a feature of both our Zetasizer Pro and Ultra models. Please login or register to read more.

Conventional bioassays rely on enzyme or fluorescent labels to detect biomolecular interactions, but these traditional approaches come with challenges that can lead to skewed and inaccurate results. Advanced labelfree interaction analysis techniques remove many of these issues. Now, scientists can move beyond the label, getting closer to the sample and monitoring it in real-time to better understand analyte-ligand interactions and unlock deeper insight. Although label-based detection is needed to monitor some biomolecular interactions, this isn’t the case for many applications. Fast, sensitive, native, and kinetic analysis is now available to most analytical laboratories. This eBook reveals the challenges presented by conventional label-based bioassays and explores how label-free interaction analysis can deliver a world of insight through technology-driven solutions. Please login or register for free to download.

Conventional bioassays often depend on labeling to detect biomolecular interactions. Although these techniques have been used for many years, in multiple applications, they are not without their issues. The enzymes or fluorescent molecules often used as labels are not inert and can present many challenges, including non-specific binding issues. The latest label-free quantification techniques eliminate the issues presented by labels by removing them altogether, allowing the analyst to get closer to the analyte and monitor it in real-time. Interactions can now be observed as they occur so that the kinetics, as well as the affinity of the analyte-ligand relationship, can be revealed. Not only can the analyst get closer to the interaction, but they can also achieve faster and more automated results by using label-free techniques with fewer manual sample preparation or post-analysis manipulation steps. Although label-free interaction analysis offers many benefits, there are several different technologies to choose between, each with its advantages and disadvantages. Since molecules have a diverse range of characteristics and behaviors, such as sensitivity, size and complexity, these parameters must be considered when choosing a label-free technology. This eBook explores the three main label-free interaction analysis technologies, their pros and cons and their recommended applications, helping you choose the right technique for your analytics program. Please login or register for free to download.

Understanding the behavior of proteins under different conditions is fundamental in several application areas such as biopharmaceuticals and health research. One parameter that can be used to understand protein behavior is absolute molecular weight (Mw). Knowing the molecular weight of a protein in monomeric form enables you to track that protein’s behavior such as dimerization and monitor the stability of your protein sample under different conditions by detecting aggregation. This application note will demonstrate how using the new concentration trends feature, a user can accurately calculate the absolute Mw of molecules in solution, and how this Mw value can be useful for detecting behavioral changes such as self-assembly in a protein sample. Please login or register for free to read more.

Some Covid 19 vaccines involve the introduction of messenger RNA ( to trigger an immune response to the spike proteins of the SARS CoV 2 coronavirus. One potential gene transfer vector to deliver this mRNA payload are Adeno Associated Viruses (AAVs). Access to biophysical techniques present in many core facilities can provide fundamental insights for research and development of vaccine candidates. Light Scattering can determine the concentration of capsids, faster than ELISA Advanced chromatography sees both filled and empty capsids to find their ratio. The genetic load in the capsid may show a different thermal signature in calorimetry. Please login or register to read more.

In simple terms, for photodynamic tumor therapy (PDT) to be successful all it takes is a photosensitizer (PS) at the right place, light and sufficient oxygen. It is the action of the PS on oxygen that is key here, as it converts oxygen into singlet oxygen (1O2). In contrast to oxygen in the triplet ground state, 1O2 is highly reactive, especially in a biological environment. Mainly proteins, but also lipids and DNA can react with 1O2, which will lead to cell death. Due to its high reactivity, the lifetime of 1O2 in a biological environment was found to be shorter than 400 ns [1]. This means that the toxic effect of PDT treatment is limited to the cell, where the 1O2 is generated and hence has the ability to be a very specific and targeted treatment. However, PS are usually small, low molecular weight molecules which have the disadvantage of not showing active accumulation in the target tissue, this can lead to inducing sensitization of other tissues. According to the so-called EPR effect, enhanced permeability and retention, which was discovered more than 30 years ago, molecules with a molecular weight above ~40 kDa are preferentially accumulated in solid tumors due to differences in the structure of tumor capillaries versus those in normal tissues and on the limited lymphatic drainage in solid tumors [2,3]. There is common agreement that it takes a carrier system to exploit this effect and improve accumulation in the target tissue. Nanoparticle-based formulations are a promising option. Please login or register to read more.

Solvent extraction and electrowinning (SX/EW) are a twostage hydrometallurgy technique within the field of extractive metallurgy to obtain metals from their ores and convert to a pure metal cathode, ready for use in industry. SX/EW processing is best known for its use by the base metals industry (copper, zinc), but this technology is also successfully applied to a wide range of other metals including cobalt, nickel and uranium. Solvent extraction involves the use of aqueous solutions for the recovery of metals from ores, concentrates, and recycled or residual materials. These processes require a lot of energy and chemicals. Constant monitoring enables pro-active reaction of operations on changes in raw materials and lead to a more efficient use of resources. Solvents i.e. concentrated sulphuric acid (pH 0 – 2) are not easy to handle and require specific safety and environmental regulations. Real-time analysis does not require sample taking and handling by operators and ensures safer work conditions. Please login or register to read more.

As the energy sector and transport industry seek to mitigate their environmental impact, green hydrogen will likely play a major role in achieving carbon neutrality. Green hydrogen is produced by the electrolysis of water using renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power. Electrolyzers based on polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) technology provide an efficient pathway for producing green hydrogen through water electrolysis. By inverting the process, PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs) can be used to generate electricity using hydrogen as fuel, in combination with oxygen (which acts as an oxidizing agent). Fuel cells have the potential to make hydrogen a viable replacement for fossil fuels in energy, transport, and other industrial sectors. However, to achieve this on a large scale, their performance and cost must be optimized. The catalytic material used to produce PEMFC electrodes is the main component in determining both the performance and the cost of fuel cells. The catalytic ink is typically composed of a mixture of a catalytic active material, an ionomer, and a dispersion solvent. Within the ink, the catalyst – usually platinum-on-carbon (Pt/C) – is a composite of platinum (Pt)-metal group nanoparticles deposited on activated carbon, which serves as a support matrix. The catalyst’s activity and stability are the two key parameters that determine the PEMFC’s ultimate performance. Catalytic activity, in turn, is governed by the size, dispersion, and morphology of the Pt-metal group nanoparticles. Equally important are the structural, textural, and surface chemistry properties of the carbonaceous agglomerates during ink drying, upon deposition on the proton exchange membrane. The optimized pore structure of the C-support matrix can significantly reduce the amount of Pt needed, and the optimization of its distribution and maximization of the availability of the catalytic points for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydrogen-oxidation reaction (HOR) in fuel cells reduces the overall cost of the process. Catalytic activity and stability can be optimized in several ways: by developing novel Pt-alloy cathode materials, controlling the particle size for maximum mass activity, controlling the inter-crystallite distance, or ensuring uniform dispersion of Pt nanoparticles on the carbonaceous support.

This Protocol describes the approach, method, quantification process and acceptance criteria for the bioanalysis of samples generated from in vivo studies. Samples will be generated from PK studies by a trusted provider or via client and shipped to Concept life Sciences for analysis.