Civil Engineering, Architecture & Archaeology Solutions

Interested in how our analysis methods can benefit your civil engineering, architecture, or archaeology research? Whether you’re a student, a researcher, or a professor, we’ve put together some links to the most relevant application examples.

The materials researched and analytical equipment used in civil engineering and architecture often overlap with Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering – so feel free to check out those pages for more information! Method abbreviations are explained at the bottom of this page.

Archaeological materials

The study of archaeological materials typically includes:

Mineral chemistry for glasses, pottery, and pigments
Metallurgy for coins and metallic artifacts
Knowledge of all types of building materials

Here’s a selection of application notes and articles related to the study of Archaeological materials. Check them out to discover more!

Archaeological Materials	Method	Sample	Application Note Title (Link)
Coins - metal composition	XRF	Archeological coin	Practical small spot mapping. Analysis of an archeological coin using SumXcore technology
Mortar - composition	UV/Vis/NIR/ SWIR	Mortar in walls of Ruins of Pompeii, Italy	Portable Analysis of Ancient Walls in Pompeii, Italy
Paints - Identification	UV/Vis/NIR/ SWIR	Medieval and Renaissance illuminated manuscripts (10th-16th century) in the collection of the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge, UK	Report on the Use of a FieldSpec 4 Spectroradiometer for the Non-Invasive Identification of Artists' Materials on Illuminated Manuscripts
Paints - mineral compositions	XRD	Chemical and mineralogical changes to a wall painting in the St George fresco, Prague, Czech Republic cerussite, plattnerite, lead magnesium carbonate, calcite, hydrocerussite	X-ray micro-diffraction in wall painting research
Paints – mineral compositions	XRD	Study of pigments in a medieval parchment leaf using microdiffraction	Non-destructive, small-scale analysis of cultural heritage objects with Empyrean

Building materials

In order to demonstrate compliance with building regulations and materials standards, both civil engineers and architects must have a strong understanding of their building materials, including:

Materials science
Mechanical properties
Chemistry
Processing requirements

Understanding of pre-manufacturing processes is also an important element in the drive to create building materials with a lower CO₂ footprint.

Take a look at the application notes below for examples of how our solutions can help with this!

Building Materials	Method	Sample	Application Note Title (Link)
Adhesives - resin loading in wood	UV/Vis/NIR/ SWIR	Resin loading in wood, wood adhesives, resin, wax, and moisture in OSB chips	Wood Adhesives Presentation
Architectural marble fillers - particle size	LD	Marble Fillers/ calcium carbonate	Automated marble milling - better product quality, lower energy costs
Asphalt emulsions - particle size, Zeta potential	LD / DLS / ELS	Asphalt emulsions (asphalt cement, water, emulsifier, additives)	Determining the quality of asphalt emulsions using particle size and zeta potential analysis
Cement - accurate elemental analysis	XRF	Cement (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O2, ZnO, Mn2O3)	Zetium - Cement analysis using CEMOXI standards
Cement - accurate elemental analysis	XRF	Cement (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O2, ZnO, Mn2O3)	Analysis of major and minor elements in cement pressed powders
Cement - elemental analysis compliance with industry norms	XRF	Cement (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O2, ZnO, Mn2O3)	Zetium - Compliance made easy ASTM C114-13 norm
Cement - elemental analysis compliance with industry norms	XRF	Cement (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O2, ZnO, Mn2O3)	Compliance made easy and faster - ASTM C114-15 norm with SumXcore at 1 kW
Cement - elemental analysis compliance with industry norms	XRF / SPE	Cement (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O2, ZnO, Mn2O3)	ASTM C114-15 and ISO 29581-2 compliance for cement fused beads in 10 minutes
Cement - sample preparation and elemental composition	XRF / SPE	SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O5, ZnO and Mn2O3 in cement	ASTM C114-15 and ISO 29581-2 compliance for cement fused beads
Cement - sample preparation for XRF	SPE	Cement powder, lithium borate	Cement XRF application using a universal borate fusion methodology for ASTM C 114 & ISO/DIS 29581-2 qualification
Cement and Clinker Powders - particle shape and size	MDRS	Clinker and cement powders	Component-specific characterization of cements using Morphologi ID
Cement Blending - mineralogical composition	XRD	Blended cement	Quick mineralogical quantification of blended cement
Cement finishing - particle size	LD	Cement finishing	Reducing the cost of cement production through the use of automated process control
Cement manufacture - CO2 reduction by accurate process control	XRD	Clinker and cement	Quick phase quantification of clinker and cement for environmentally friendly cement production
Cement manufacture - on-line particle sizing	LD	Cement grains	On-line particle sizing and control
Cement manufacture - on-line particle sizing	LD	Cement grains	Castles' on-line analysis- article
Chlorine in Cement - Sample Preparation for XRF	SPE	Chlorine in Cement	Analysis of Chlorine in Cement and Cement Related Materials Using Borate Fusion and XRF Analysis
Chlorine in concrete - concentration	UV/Vis/NIR/ SWIR	Chlorine in Concrete (raw material and bridge constructions)	Determination of chloride ion concentrations in concrete by means of near-infrared spectrometry
Chromium in cement - crystalline phase analysis	XRD	Chromium phases in cement	Measurement of fast reactions. Chromium in cement - measuring the kinetics of lamellar calcium aluminate chromate hydrates
Clinker - crystalline phase analysis	XRD	Clinker phases, slag, fly ash, pozzolan	Cluster analysis
Clinker - sample preparation for XRD	XRD	Clinker: Alite, Belite, Free Lime (CaO), Ferrite, Aluminate,	Sample preparation of clinker
Clinker grinding - particle size	LD	Ground Clinker (Portland Cement, Raw Mix, calcium oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, ferric oxide and magnesium oxide, clay, limestone + Calcium Sulphate)	Particle size analysis of cement using the technique of laser diffraction
Clinker hydration kinetics - crystalline phase analysis	XRD	Clinker phases, minor phases - process of carbonization and hydration	Transmission geometry for Cement hydration kinetics
Clinker manufacture - polymorph identification	XRD	M1 and M3 Polymorphs of Alite in Clinker	Quantification of the M1 and M3 polymorphs of alite in OPC clinker
Clinker Manufacture, Raw Mix - elemental composition	XRF	Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, SO3, Cl, K2O, CaO, TiO2, and Fe2O3 in raw mix	Fast raw mix analysis in compliance with GB/T19140-2003 and GB/T176-2008
Clinker Manufacture, Raw Mix - elemental composition	XRF	MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, SO3, Cl, K2O, CaO, TiO2, and Fe2O3 in raw mix,	Economical raw mix analysis in 5 minutes
Clinker manufacture, Raw Mix - sample preparation for XRF	SPE	Cement powder, lithium borate	Raw materials XRF application for the cement industry using a universal borate fusion methodology
Concrete - crystalline phase analysis, porosity, density	XRD - CT	Concrete	X-ray analysis of concrete: A multi-dimensional investigation using X-ray diffraction and computed tomography
Concrete - porosity measurement	CT	Porous Concrete	CT measurements with GaliPIX^3D
Fly ash - routine elemental analysis	XRF	Coal fly ash, calcium hydroxide (from Lime, or Portland cement)	Zetium - Routine analysis of coal fly ash
Fly ash and slag additives - crystalline phase analysis	XRD	Replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by partially supplementing Clinker with fly ash and slag	XRD analysis of hydrated cements and cementitious systems
Mortar - elemental composition	XRF	Mortar: Ca, Si, Al, Fe, Na, K, Mg, S, Ti, Sr in Cement Paste	Examine reaction kinetics of mortar about 100 times faster with HiPer small spot mapping

略語解説

当社の製品と技術については、製品ページを参照してください。以下では、当社の装置で測定された特性、測定名とその略称を簡単に参照できます。各メソッドをクリックすると、詳細が表示されます。

略語	メソッド名	装置	測定された特性
DLS	動的光散乱法（DLS）	ゼータサイザー	分子サイズ、流体力学的半径R_H、粒子サイズ、粒度分布、安定性、濃度、凝集
ELS	電気泳動光散乱	ゼータサイザー	ゼータ電位、粒子電荷、懸濁液の安定性、タンパク質電気泳動移動度
ITC	等温滴定型カロリメトリー	MicroCal ITC	結合親和性、溶液中の分子反応の熱力学
.dsc	示差走査熱型カロリメトリー	Microcal DSC	大きな分子の変性(アンフォールド)、高分子の安定性
GCI	グレーティング結合干渉法	Creoptix WAVEsystem	リアルタイムの結合反応速度と親和性、流体工学によるラベルフリー
IMG	全自動画像解析	モフォロギ 4	粒子の画像処理、形状、サイズの自動測定
MDRS	Morphologically-Directed Raman Spectroscopy	モフォロギ4-ID	粒子の画像処理、形状、サイズの自動測定、化学的同定、汚染物質の検出
LD	レーザ回折	マスターサイザースプレーテックインシテック Parsum	粒子サイズ、粒度分布
NTA	ナノ粒子トラッキング(軌跡)解析	ナノサイト	粒子サイズ、粒度分布、濃度
SEC または GPC	サイズ排除クロマトグラフィー/ ゲル浸透クロマトグラフィー（GPC）	OmniSEC	分子サイズ、分子量、オリゴマー状態、ポリマーまたはタンパク質のサイズ、分子構造
SPE	融合によるサンプル調製	Le Neo LeDoser Eagon 2 The OxAdvanced M4 rFusion	XRF用溶融ビーズ試料の調製、ICP用過酸化物溶液の調製、ビーズ作製用のフラックス計量
UV/Vis/NIR/ SWIR	紫外線/可視/近赤外線/短波赤外線分光分析	LabSpec FieldSpec TerraSpec QualitySpec	材料識別と分析、水分、鉱物、炭素の含有量。航空および衛星分光分析技術の地上検証。
PFTNA	パルス高速熱中性子活性化	CNA	インライン元素分析
XRD-C	X線回折 (結晶構造解析)	Aeris Empyrean	分子結晶構造の精製、結晶相の同定と定量化、結晶対非結晶比、結晶子径分析
XRD-M	X線回折 (ミクロ構造)	Empyrean X’Pert³ MRD(XL)	残留応力、テクスチャ
XRD-CT	コンピュータ断層撮影法による X線吸収画像処理	Empyrean	固体、気孔率、密度の3D画像処理
SAXS	小角X線散乱法	Empyrean	ナノ粒子、サイズ、形状、構造
GISAXS	斜入射小角X線散乱法	Empyrean	ナノ構造の薄膜と表面
HR-XRD	高解像度X線回折	Empyrean X’Pert³ MRD(XL)	薄膜およびエピタキシャル多層、組成、ひずみ、厚さ、品質
XRR	X線反射率法	Empyrean X’Pert³ MRD(XL)	薄膜と表面、膜厚、表面、界面粗さ
XRF	蛍光X線	Epsilon Zetium Axios FAST 2830 ZT	元素組成、元素濃度、微量元素、汚染物質の検出